Bidirectional counting of single electrons.

Supporting Online Material for Bidirectional Counting of Single Electrons

Three-waveform bidirectional pumping of single electrons with a silicon quantum dot

Semiconductor-based quantum dot single-electron pumps are currently the most promising candidates for the direct realization of the emerging quantum standard of the ampere in the International System of Units. Here, we discuss a silicon quantum dot single-electron pump with radio frequency control over the transparencies of entrance and exit barriers as well as the dot potential. We show that o...

Full counting statistics of Andreev tunneling.

We employ a single-charge counting technique to measure the full counting statistics of Andreev events in which Cooper pairs are either produced from electrons that are reflected as holes at a superconductor-normal-metal interface or annihilated in the reverse process. The full counting statistics consists of quiet periods with no Andreev processes, interrupted by the tunneling of a single elec...

Full counting statistics with spin-sensitive detectors reveals spin singlets.

We study the full counting statistics of electric current to several drain terminals with spin-dependent entrance conductances. We show that the statistics of charge transfers can be interpreted in terms of single electrons and spin-singlet pairs coming from the source. If the source contains transport channels of high transparency, a significant fraction of electrons comes in spin-singlet pairs.

A New Single-phase Symmetrical Cascade Multilevel Inverter with Low Number of Power Switches

In this paper a new 5-level single phase symmetrical cascade multi-level inverter is proposed. The proposed topology contains combination of unidirectional and bidirectional power switches based on output voltage level number. The number of power switches and withstanding voltage of powers witches were reduced related to the other topologies. This configuration can be extended to the n-level in...